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Galectin Therapeutics ca v 1 2 channels
Ca V 1 2 Channels, supplied by Galectin Therapeutics, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/ca+v+1+2+channels/pmc12846751-13-9-0?v=Galectin+Therapeutics
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews

ca v 1 2 channels - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08

86/100 stars

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(A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) show no significant differences when recorded in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) and PP tubes (magenta). Insets show half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 (E) and Ca V 1.3 (F) at 0 mV show channel inactivation in glass (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Insets display time constants of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) show no significant differences when recorded in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) and PP tubes (magenta). Insets show half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 (E) and Ca V 1.3 (F) at 0 mV show channel inactivation in glass (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Insets display time constants of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Activation Assay

(A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) show no significant differences when recorded in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) and PP tubes (magenta). Insets show half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 (E) and Ca V 1.3 (F) at 0 mV show channel inactivation in glass (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Insets display time constant of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) show no significant differences when recorded in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) and PP tubes (magenta). Insets show half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 (E) and Ca V 1.3 (F) at 0 mV show channel inactivation in glass (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Insets display time constant of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Techniques: Activation Assay

(A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or polypropylene (PP) tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Bar plot quantifications depict percentage facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) whole-cell currents, measured by the difference between peak current amplitudes of P2 and P1 (P2-P1) voltage steps, in buffer solutions stored either in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Cell numbers represented in brackets. Two-way ANOVA used for statistical significance. (E and F) Exemplary cell-attached single-channel current traces of Ca V 1.2 coexpressed with the accessory subunit β 1 b in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (E) or PP tubes (F) . Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (G and H) Bar plots show open probability and dwell time analysis, while histogram plots display the single-channel current amplitudes of Ca V 1.2 cell-attached recordings obtained at 0 mV step of 2 sec in buffer solutions stored in glass bottles (G) or PP tubes (H) before (P1) or after (P2) the DPP to 100 mV for 100 msec. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots show mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or polypropylene (PP) tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Bar plot quantifications depict percentage facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) whole-cell currents, measured by the difference between peak current amplitudes of P2 and P1 (P2-P1) voltage steps, in buffer solutions stored either in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Cell numbers represented in brackets. Two-way ANOVA used for statistical significance. (E and F) Exemplary cell-attached single-channel current traces of Ca V 1.2 coexpressed with the accessory subunit β 1 b in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (E) or PP tubes (F) . Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (G and H) Bar plots show open probability and dwell time analysis, while histogram plots display the single-channel current amplitudes of Ca V 1.2 cell-attached recordings obtained at 0 mV step of 2 sec in buffer solutions stored in glass bottles (G) or PP tubes (H) before (P1) or after (P2) the DPP to 100 mV for 100 msec. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots show mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Techniques:

(A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunits in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Bar plot quantifications depict percentage facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) whole-cell currents, measured as peak current difference between P2 and P1 voltage steps (P2-P1), in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Cell numbers represented in brackets. Two-way ANOVA used for statistical significance. (E) Bar plots depict percentage VDF (P2 over P1 at 0 mV after 120 mV DPP) for indicated L-type channel combinations. Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001; ns, non-significant.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunits in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Bar plot quantifications depict percentage facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) whole-cell currents, measured as peak current difference between P2 and P1 voltage steps (P2-P1), in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Cell numbers represented in brackets. Two-way ANOVA used for statistical significance. (E) Bar plots depict percentage VDF (P2 over P1 at 0 mV after 120 mV DPP) for indicated L-type channel combinations. Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001; ns, non-significant.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta) or DMSO (black) before (P1) or after (P2) the DPP to 100 mV. Mean fitted plots (right) show maximum facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channel currents with 100, 250, or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP or DMSO control in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Cell numbers are denoted in brackets. (C and D) Exemplary cell-attached single-channel current traces of Ca V 1.2 coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded with DMSO (C) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (D) . Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Bar plots below display open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms show single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP (100 mV, 100 ms). n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Techniques: Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunits in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing DMSO or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP before (P1) or after (P2) the DPP to 100 mV. Mean fitted plots (below) show maximum facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channel currents with DMSO, or 2,4-DTBP at 100, 250, or 500 nM in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above (C and D) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( C ) and Ca V 1.3 ( D ) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunits in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing DMSO (black) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) voltage plots (below) of Ca V 1.2 ( C ) and Ca V 1.3 ( D ) show no significant differences between DMSO control (black) vs 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Insets display half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( E ) and Ca V 1.3 ( F ) at 0 mV show channel inactivation with DMSO (black) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Insets display time constants of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Techniques: Control, Activation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( A ) and Ca V 1.3 ( B ) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta) or DMSO control (black). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 ( C ) and Ca V 1.3 ( D ) show no significant differences between 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta) and DMSO control (black). Insets display half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( E ) and Ca V 1.3 ( F ) at 0 mV show channel inactivation with DMSO (black) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Insets display time constants of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Techniques: Control, Activation Assay

( A ). Side view (left) and top view (right) of human Ca V 1.2 α 1C protein backbone showing 2,4-DTBP binding at the DI–DII PD interface. (B) Zoomed view of 2,4-DTBP binding pocket at DI–DII fenestration. Key residues forming hydrophobic interactions and H-bonds with 2,4-DTBP in DIS6, DIS5, and DIIS6 are marked. (C) Root mean square deviation (RMSD) of protein backbone and 2,4-DTBP during MD simulation. (D) Time evolution of H-bond formation between 2,4-DTBP and polar N741 residue at the DIIS6 helix. (E) Zoomed view of DI–DII PD interface showing π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions between F357, F737, W708, and N741. (F) PCA of F737 and N741 side chains reveal distinct conformational clusters, with representative orientations shown below. (G) Centroid-to-centroid distances between F737-F357 and F737-N741 over simulation trajectories (above) with distance distributions represented as histograms (below). (H) Comparison of S6 helix movements with and without bound 2,4-DTBP.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ). Side view (left) and top view (right) of human Ca V 1.2 α 1C protein backbone showing 2,4-DTBP binding at the DI–DII PD interface. (B) Zoomed view of 2,4-DTBP binding pocket at DI–DII fenestration. Key residues forming hydrophobic interactions and H-bonds with 2,4-DTBP in DIS6, DIS5, and DIIS6 are marked. (C) Root mean square deviation (RMSD) of protein backbone and 2,4-DTBP during MD simulation. (D) Time evolution of H-bond formation between 2,4-DTBP and polar N741 residue at the DIIS6 helix. (E) Zoomed view of DI–DII PD interface showing π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions between F357, F737, W708, and N741. (F) PCA of F737 and N741 side chains reveal distinct conformational clusters, with representative orientations shown below. (G) Centroid-to-centroid distances between F737-F357 and F737-N741 over simulation trajectories (above) with distance distributions represented as histograms (below). (H) Comparison of S6 helix movements with and without bound 2,4-DTBP.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Residue, Comparison

(A) Schematic of DI–DII PD fenestration in Ca V 1.2 WT, F737A, F737Y, N741A, and N741Q mutants. Possible π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions shown as dotted lines. (B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 point mutants at DI–DII PD fenestration coexpressed with β 1 b in tsA-201 cells before (P1) or after (P2) DPP to 100 mV. (C) Mean fitted plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and DI–DII PD mutants coexpressed with β 1 b in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Cell numbers are denoted in brackets. (D) Bar plots depict maximum VDF at 120 mV DPP for Ca V 1.2 WT and DI–DII PD mutants. Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. (E) Cell-attached single-channel traces of Ca V 1.2-F737A and Ca V 1.2-F737Y mutants coexpressed with β 1 b before and after DPP to 100 mV. Bar plots below display open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms show single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of DI–DII PD fenestration in Ca V 1.2 WT, F737A, F737Y, N741A, and N741Q mutants. Possible π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions shown as dotted lines. (B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 point mutants at DI–DII PD fenestration coexpressed with β 1 b in tsA-201 cells before (P1) or after (P2) DPP to 100 mV. (C) Mean fitted plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and DI–DII PD mutants coexpressed with β 1 b in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Cell numbers are denoted in brackets. (D) Bar plots depict maximum VDF at 120 mV DPP for Ca V 1.2 WT and DI–DII PD mutants. Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. (E) Cell-attached single-channel traces of Ca V 1.2-F737A and Ca V 1.2-F737Y mutants coexpressed with β 1 b before and after DPP to 100 mV. Bar plots below display open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms show single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Techniques:

(A) Current density (pA/pF) vs. voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and specified mutants. (B) Normalized conductance (G/G max ) vs. voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and specified mutants. (C) Bar plots showing half-maximal activation voltages (V a ) for Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants. (D) Representative normalized whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants at 0 mV, displaying inactivation differences. (E) Bar plot quantifications of the time constant of inactivation (τ) for Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants. All plots show mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001, ns (non-significant).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Current density (pA/pF) vs. voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and specified mutants. (B) Normalized conductance (G/G max ) vs. voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and specified mutants. (C) Bar plots showing half-maximal activation voltages (V a ) for Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants. (D) Representative normalized whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants at 0 mV, displaying inactivation differences. (E) Bar plot quantifications of the time constant of inactivation (τ) for Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants. All plots show mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001, ns (non-significant).

Techniques: Activation Assay

(A) Structural representation of DII–DIII, DIII–DIV, and DI–DIV PD interfaces of Ca V 1.2 showing key aromatic and polar residues. (B) Mean fitted plots showing the maximum VDF of specified Ca V 1.2 mutant channels to DPP, ranging from 0-180 mV. (C) Bar plots show VDF quantifications of specified Ca V 1.2 mutants in comparison with Ca V 1.2-WT to DPP of 120 mV. (D) Bar plots comparing current density of specified Ca V 1.2 mutant channels vs WT. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001, ns, non-significant.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Structural representation of DII–DIII, DIII–DIV, and DI–DIV PD interfaces of Ca V 1.2 showing key aromatic and polar residues. (B) Mean fitted plots showing the maximum VDF of specified Ca V 1.2 mutant channels to DPP, ranging from 0-180 mV. (C) Bar plots show VDF quantifications of specified Ca V 1.2 mutants in comparison with Ca V 1.2-WT to DPP of 120 mV. (D) Bar plots comparing current density of specified Ca V 1.2 mutant channels vs WT. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001, ns, non-significant.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Comparison

(A) Structural representation of DI–DII PD interface in Ca V 2.1-WT and Ca V 2.1-T698F mutant. Possible π-H and π-π quadrangle interaction in Ca V 2.1-T698F mutant shown as dotted lines. (B) Aligned amino acid sequences of DIIS6, DIIP2, and DIP1 PD helices from human (h) and mouse (m) L-type (Ca V 1.1–1.4) and Ca V 2 (2.1–2.3) channels. Conserved and unique residues participating in π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions are highlighted. (C) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants coexpressed with β 1 b in tsA-201 cells before (P1) or after (P2) DPP to 100 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (D) Mean fitted plots of Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Cell numbers are represented in brackets. (E) Bar plots display the maximum VDF at 120 mV DPP for Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants. Unpaired Student’s t-test used statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, **p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Structural representation of DI–DII PD interface in Ca V 2.1-WT and Ca V 2.1-T698F mutant. Possible π-H and π-π quadrangle interaction in Ca V 2.1-T698F mutant shown as dotted lines. (B) Aligned amino acid sequences of DIIS6, DIIP2, and DIP1 PD helices from human (h) and mouse (m) L-type (Ca V 1.1–1.4) and Ca V 2 (2.1–2.3) channels. Conserved and unique residues participating in π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions are highlighted. (C) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants coexpressed with β 1 b in tsA-201 cells before (P1) or after (P2) DPP to 100 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (D) Mean fitted plots of Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Cell numbers are represented in brackets. (E) Bar plots display the maximum VDF at 120 mV DPP for Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants. Unpaired Student’s t-test used statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, **p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

(A) Aligned amino acid sequences of DIIS6, DIIP2, and DIP1 PD helices from rat (r) and rabbit (rb) L-type (Ca V 1.1–1.4) and Ca V 2 (2.1–2.3) channels. Conserved and unique residues participating in the π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions are highlighted. (B and C) Representative whole-cell current traces (top) with Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) vs. voltage plots (below) of WT or mutants of Ca V 1.2/Ca V 2.1 channels. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Insets display half-maximal activation voltages. (D and E) Normalized current traces (left) of WT and mutant Ca V 1.2/Ca V 2.1 channels at 0 mV showing channel inactivation. Time constant of inactivation (τ) plots (right) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ns, non-significant.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Aligned amino acid sequences of DIIS6, DIIP2, and DIP1 PD helices from rat (r) and rabbit (rb) L-type (Ca V 1.1–1.4) and Ca V 2 (2.1–2.3) channels. Conserved and unique residues participating in the π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions are highlighted. (B and C) Representative whole-cell current traces (top) with Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) vs. voltage plots (below) of WT or mutants of Ca V 1.2/Ca V 2.1 channels. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Insets display half-maximal activation voltages. (D and E) Normalized current traces (left) of WT and mutant Ca V 1.2/Ca V 2.1 channels at 0 mV showing channel inactivation. Time constant of inactivation (τ) plots (right) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ns, non-significant.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Mutagenesis

(A) Cell-attached single-channel traces of Ca V 1.2-F737T mutant coexpressed with β 1 b before and after DPP to 100 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box. (B) Bar plots showing open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms display single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test was used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cell-attached single-channel traces of Ca V 1.2-F737T mutant coexpressed with β 1 b before and after DPP to 100 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box. (B) Bar plots showing open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms display single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test was used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Calcium-handling proteins. ( A ) PLB, total phospholamban; ( B ) PLB(Thr17/Ser16), phospholamban phosphorylated at serine 16 and threonine 17; ( C ) NCX1, sodium/calcium exchanger 1; ( D ) SERCA2a, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase; ( E ) LTCC, L-type Ca v 1.2 voltage-gated calcium channel; ( F ) RyR, ryanodine receptor. GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase constitutive protein. Boxplots (black squares with whiskers) with individual data points (small circles of different colors) and means (red circles) or 20% trimmed means (red squares). The p -value displayed above the boxplots refers to the ANOVA. Brackets were added to the graphs to represent significant differences in pairwise comparisons. ( B – D , F ) charts: Fisher’s one-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons via Student’s t test. ( A , E ) charts: Welch’s ANOVA with trimmed means and pairwise comparisons via Yuen’s trimmed test. The GAPDH-LTCC and GAPDH-RyR are equivalent because the same membrane was used to detect LTCC and RyR through membrane stripping for Western blotting.

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Prior Aerobic Exercise Training Fails to Confer Cardioprotection Under Varying Exercise Volumes in Early Post-Infarction Cardiac Remodeling in Female Rats

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13092221

Figure Lengend Snippet: Calcium-handling proteins. ( A ) PLB, total phospholamban; ( B ) PLB(Thr17/Ser16), phospholamban phosphorylated at serine 16 and threonine 17; ( C ) NCX1, sodium/calcium exchanger 1; ( D ) SERCA2a, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase; ( E ) LTCC, L-type Ca v 1.2 voltage-gated calcium channel; ( F ) RyR, ryanodine receptor. GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase constitutive protein. Boxplots (black squares with whiskers) with individual data points (small circles of different colors) and means (red circles) or 20% trimmed means (red squares). The p -value displayed above the boxplots refers to the ANOVA. Brackets were added to the graphs to represent significant differences in pairwise comparisons. ( B – D , F ) charts: Fisher’s one-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons via Student’s t test. ( A , E ) charts: Welch’s ANOVA with trimmed means and pairwise comparisons via Yuen’s trimmed test. The GAPDH-LTCC and GAPDH-RyR are equivalent because the same membrane was used to detect LTCC and RyR through membrane stripping for Western blotting.

Article Snippet: The transferred proteins were then incubated at ~4 °C (overnight) with the following primary rabbit antibodies: anti-L-type high-voltage calcium channel Ca v 1.2 (LTCC) (1:10,000 ACC-003, Alomone, Jerusalem, Israel), anti-sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA2a) (1:1000 A010-20, Badrilla, Leeds, UK), anti-phospholamban phosphorylated at threonine 17 and serine 16 (PLB(Thr17/Ser16)) (1:5000 ab62170, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) (1:5000 ab177952, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (1:4000 ab46545, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), and anti-GAPDH (1:20,000 D16H11, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), as well as the following primary mouse antibodies: anti-ryanodine receptor (RyR) (1:2000 ab2868, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), and anti-total phospholamban.

Techniques: Membrane, Stripping Membranes, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Role of Ion Channels in the Maintenance of Sperm Motility and Swimming Behavior in a Marine Teleost

doi: 10.3390/ijms232012113

Figure Lengend Snippet: Composition of the different non-activating mediums (NAM) employed in this study (in mM).

Article Snippet: In addition, the activation of a thermosensitive Ca 2+ channel (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; Trpv1), that is expressed in the head, mid piece, and tail regions of FW zebrafish and rohu ( Labeo rohita ) spermatozoa [ , ] increases the duration of motility [ ].

Techniques:

A surge of [Ca 2+ ] i , but not [K + ] i or [Na + ] i , independent of external ions, is necessary for the activation of sperm motility in the seabream. ( a ) Effect of different incubations times in standard non-activating medium (NAM) or NAM containing sucrose and no ions (NAM suc ), and further activation in seawater (SW) or sucrose (Suc) for 5 s, on spermatozoa motility (% MOT), progressivity (% PROG), and curvilinear velocity (VCL). ( b ) Levels of [Ca 2+ ] i , [K + ] i and [Na + ] at 5 s post activation in spermatozoa treated as in ( a ). ( c ) Percentage of MOT, and intracellular levels of Ca 2+ and K + , in sperm activated in SW containing increasing doses of BAPTA. In all panels, the data points are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. One ejaculate from each male was measured from n = 4–7 males. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Boxes with different superscript are statistically significant ( p < 0.05). n.s., not significant.

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Role of Ion Channels in the Maintenance of Sperm Motility and Swimming Behavior in a Marine Teleost

doi: 10.3390/ijms232012113

Figure Lengend Snippet: A surge of [Ca 2+ ] i , but not [K + ] i or [Na + ] i , independent of external ions, is necessary for the activation of sperm motility in the seabream. ( a ) Effect of different incubations times in standard non-activating medium (NAM) or NAM containing sucrose and no ions (NAM suc ), and further activation in seawater (SW) or sucrose (Suc) for 5 s, on spermatozoa motility (% MOT), progressivity (% PROG), and curvilinear velocity (VCL). ( b ) Levels of [Ca 2+ ] i , [K + ] i and [Na + ] at 5 s post activation in spermatozoa treated as in ( a ). ( c ) Percentage of MOT, and intracellular levels of Ca 2+ and K + , in sperm activated in SW containing increasing doses of BAPTA. In all panels, the data points are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. One ejaculate from each male was measured from n = 4–7 males. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Boxes with different superscript are statistically significant ( p < 0.05). n.s., not significant.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Whisker Assay

High levels of intracellular Ca 2+ and basic pH are not sufficient for the activation of motility of seabream spermatozoa. ( a , b ) Intracellular Ca 2+ ( a ) and K + ( b ) levels in immotile sperm treated with 25 mM of the Ca 2+ ionophore A23187 or the K + ionophore valinomycin for up to 30 min, and in SW-activated spermatozoa. ( c ) Percentage of motility (% MOT) of the sperm treated as above under neutral and basic pH. In all panels, the data points are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. One ejaculate from each male was measured from n = 4–6 males. Statistical differences were measured by one-way ANOVA. Boxes with different superscript are statistically significant ( p < 0.05).

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Role of Ion Channels in the Maintenance of Sperm Motility and Swimming Behavior in a Marine Teleost

doi: 10.3390/ijms232012113

Figure Lengend Snippet: High levels of intracellular Ca 2+ and basic pH are not sufficient for the activation of motility of seabream spermatozoa. ( a , b ) Intracellular Ca 2+ ( a ) and K + ( b ) levels in immotile sperm treated with 25 mM of the Ca 2+ ionophore A23187 or the K + ionophore valinomycin for up to 30 min, and in SW-activated spermatozoa. ( c ) Percentage of motility (% MOT) of the sperm treated as above under neutral and basic pH. In all panels, the data points are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. One ejaculate from each male was measured from n = 4–6 males. Statistical differences were measured by one-way ANOVA. Boxes with different superscript are statistically significant ( p < 0.05).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Whisker Assay

External ions are required for the maintenance of motility of post activated seabream spermatozoa. ( a ) Motility, progressivity, and VCL, of spermatozoa upon activation in SW or sucrose. ( b ) Intracellular Ca 2+ , K + and Na + levels in sperm activated in SW or sucrose. ( c ) Motility, progressivity, and VCL, of spermatozoa upon activation in SW or 550 mM NaCl. ( d ) Effect of activation in SW, NaCl, or NaCl, in which 10 mM Ca 2+ and K + were added separately or together, on seabream sperm kinetics. In a-c, data are the mean ± SEM ( n = 4–5 males, one ejaculate per male), and were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA ( p values indicated in each panel). In ( d ), data points ( n = 4) are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. One ejaculate from each male was measured. Statistical differences were measured by one-way ANOVA for each post activation time point, followed by the Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Boxes with different superscript are statistically significant ( p < 0.05). n.s., not significant.

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Role of Ion Channels in the Maintenance of Sperm Motility and Swimming Behavior in a Marine Teleost

doi: 10.3390/ijms232012113

Figure Lengend Snippet: External ions are required for the maintenance of motility of post activated seabream spermatozoa. ( a ) Motility, progressivity, and VCL, of spermatozoa upon activation in SW or sucrose. ( b ) Intracellular Ca 2+ , K + and Na + levels in sperm activated in SW or sucrose. ( c ) Motility, progressivity, and VCL, of spermatozoa upon activation in SW or 550 mM NaCl. ( d ) Effect of activation in SW, NaCl, or NaCl, in which 10 mM Ca 2+ and K + were added separately or together, on seabream sperm kinetics. In a-c, data are the mean ± SEM ( n = 4–5 males, one ejaculate per male), and were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA ( p values indicated in each panel). In ( d ), data points ( n = 4) are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. One ejaculate from each male was measured. Statistical differences were measured by one-way ANOVA for each post activation time point, followed by the Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Boxes with different superscript are statistically significant ( p < 0.05). n.s., not significant.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Whisker Assay, Comparison

Inhibition of seabream sperm motility by blockers of Ca 2+ channels, ATP-sensitive and voltage-dependent K + channels, and CNG channels. ( a – o ) Dose-response inhibition of the percentage of motility and progressivity (% MOT and % PROG, respectively) and curvilinear velocity (VCL) at 5, 30 and 60 s post activation induced by the different ion channel blockers as indicated. Control spermatozoa were treated with 0.5% DMSO. In all panels, the data points ( n = 6–8 males, one ejaculated per male) are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. Statistical differences were measured by one-way ANOVA (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001, with respect to DMSO-treated sperm).

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Role of Ion Channels in the Maintenance of Sperm Motility and Swimming Behavior in a Marine Teleost

doi: 10.3390/ijms232012113

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of seabream sperm motility by blockers of Ca 2+ channels, ATP-sensitive and voltage-dependent K + channels, and CNG channels. ( a – o ) Dose-response inhibition of the percentage of motility and progressivity (% MOT and % PROG, respectively) and curvilinear velocity (VCL) at 5, 30 and 60 s post activation induced by the different ion channel blockers as indicated. Control spermatozoa were treated with 0.5% DMSO. In all panels, the data points ( n = 6–8 males, one ejaculated per male) are presented as box and whisker plots/scatter dots with horizontal line (inside box) indicating median and outliers. Statistical differences were measured by one-way ANOVA (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001, with respect to DMSO-treated sperm).

Techniques: Inhibition, Activation Assay, Control, Whisker Assay

a Representative confocal image of a nerve terminal arborization. Singly, dually, and innervated by three or more axons NMJs from YFP muscles and also images of the morphologic maturation (S1, the most inmature, and S4, almost fully differentiated, stages) of the postsynaptic clusters from P9 mice. The bar indicates 10 μm. b Confocal immunofluorescence location of α 1D L-, N-, and P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) at the NMJ. Triple labeling of VDCCs (green fluorescence) with syntaxin (blue fluorescence) and nAChR-α-bungarotoxin (red fluorescence) in merge images. Figure shows the presence of α 1D L-, N-, and P/Q-type-VDCC (in green) in the nerve terminal of P9 Levator auris longus (LAL) muscle endplates. The bar indicates 10 μm

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Involvement of the Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels L- P/Q- and N-Types in Synapse Elimination During Neuromuscular Junction Development

doi: 10.1007/s12035-022-02818-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Representative confocal image of a nerve terminal arborization. Singly, dually, and innervated by three or more axons NMJs from YFP muscles and also images of the morphologic maturation (S1, the most inmature, and S4, almost fully differentiated, stages) of the postsynaptic clusters from P9 mice. The bar indicates 10 μm. b Confocal immunofluorescence location of α 1D L-, N-, and P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) at the NMJ. Triple labeling of VDCCs (green fluorescence) with syntaxin (blue fluorescence) and nAChR-α-bungarotoxin (red fluorescence) in merge images. Figure shows the presence of α 1D L-, N-, and P/Q-type-VDCC (in green) in the nerve terminal of P9 Levator auris longus (LAL) muscle endplates. The bar indicates 10 μm

Article Snippet: Muscles were incubated overnight at 4 °C with anti-Ca V 1.3 (CACNA1D) antibody voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit α 1D (1/100; ACC-005, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel); anti-Ca V 2.1 (CACNA1A) antibody voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit α 1A (1/100; ACC-001, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel); anti-Ca V 2.2 (CACNA1B) antibody voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit α 1B (1/100; ACC1-002, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel), and anti-mouse syntaxin (1/1000, S066, Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Labeling, Fluorescence

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